169. Polymorphism in Python

Snippet 1: Basic Polymorphism with Method Overriding

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class Animal:
    def sound(self):
        return "Some sound"

class Dog(Animal):
    def sound(self):
        return "Bark"

class Cat(Animal):
    def sound(self):
        return "Meow"

animals = [Dog(), Cat()]
for animal in animals:
    print(animal.sound())

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Snippet 2: Polymorphism with Function Arguments

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class Rectangle:
    def area(self, length, width):
        return length * width

class Circle:
    def area(self, radius, _=None):
        return 3.14 * radius * radius

def print_area(shape, *args):
    print("Area:", shape.area(*args))

print_area(Rectangle(), 5, 10)
print_area(Circle(), 7)

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Snippet 3: Polymorphism in Operator Overloading

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class Vector:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def __add__(self, other):
        return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

    def __str__(self):
        return f"Vector({self.x}, {self.y})"

v1 = Vector(1, 2)
v2 = Vector(3, 4)
print(v1 + v2)

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Snippet 4: Polymorphism with Abstract Base Classes

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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def area(self):
        pass

class Square(Shape):
    def __init__(self, side):
        self.side = side

    def area(self):
        return self.side ** 2

class Circle(Shape):
    def __init__(self, radius):
        self.radius = radius

    def area(self):
        return 3.14 * self.radius ** 2

shapes = [Square(4), Circle(3)]
for shape in shapes:
    print(shape.area())

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Snippet 5: Polymorphism with Dynamic Dispatch

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class PaymentProcessor:
    def pay(self, amount):
        raise NotImplementedError

class CreditCardPayment(PaymentProcessor):
    def pay(self, amount):
        print(f"Paid {amount} using Credit Card")

class PayPalPayment(PaymentProcessor):
    def pay(self, amount):
        print(f"Paid {amount} using PayPal")

def process_payment(payment_processor, amount):
    payment_processor.pay(amount)

process_payment(CreditCardPayment(), 100)
process_payment(PayPalPayment(), 200)

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Snippet 6: Polymorphism in Class Methods

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class Vehicle:
    def fuel_efficiency(self):
        return "Calculating efficiency..."

class Car(Vehicle):
    def fuel_efficiency(self):
        return "25 km/l"

class Truck(Vehicle):
    def fuel_efficiency(self):
        return "8 km/l"

vehicles = [Car(), Truck()]
for vehicle in vehicles:
    print(vehicle.fuel_efficiency())

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Snippet 7: Polymorphism in Built-In Functions

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class Book:
    def __len__(self):
        return 300

class Magazine:
    def __len__(self):
        return 50

items = [Book(), Magazine()]
for item in items:
    print(len(item))

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Snippet 8: Polymorphism with Duck Typing

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class Duck:
    def quack(self):
        return "Quack quack!"

class Person:
    def quack(self):
        return "I can quack like a duck!"

def make_quack(obj):
    print(obj.quack())

make_quack(Duck())
make_quack(Person())

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Snippet 9: Polymorphism with Inheritance and Super

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class Employee:
    def work(self):
        return "Employee working"

class Manager(Employee):
    def work(self):
        base_work = super().work()
        return f"{base_work} and managing"

print(Manager().work())

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Snippet 10: Polymorphism in Nested Classes

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class Document:
    class Editor:
        def edit(self):
            return "Editing document"

    class Viewer:
        def view(self):
            return "Viewing document"

doc = Document()
print(doc.Editor().edit())
print(doc.Viewer().view())

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