203. Python Bytecode

Here are several Python code snippets that explore Python's bytecode using the dis module for a deeper understanding of how Python code is compiled and executed:

1. Disassembling Simple Python Function

This example shows how to disassemble a simple function into Python bytecode.

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import dis

def simple_function(a, b):
    return a + b

# Disassemble the bytecode of the function
dis.dis(simple_function)

Output:

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  2           0 LOAD_FAST                0 (a)
              2 LOAD_FAST                1 (b)
              4 BINARY_ADD
              6 RETURN_VALUE

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2. Disassembling a Class Method

This example demonstrates how to disassemble a method inside a class.

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import dis

class MyClass:
    def add(self, x, y):
        return x + y

# Disassemble the bytecode of the method
dis.dis(MyClass.add)

Output:

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  4           0 LOAD_FAST                1 (x)
              2 LOAD_FAST                2 (y)
              4 BINARY_ADD
              6 RETURN_VALUE

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3. Disassembling a Loop

This snippet disassembles a function that contains a loop.

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import dis

def loop_function(n):
    total = 0
    for i in range(n):
        total += i
    return total

# Disassemble the bytecode of the function with a loop
dis.dis(loop_function)

Output:

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  3           0 LOAD_CONST               1 (0)
              2 STORE_FAST               1 (total)

  4           4 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (range)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (n)
              8 CALL_FUNCTION            1
             10 GET_ITER
        >>   12 FOR_ITER                14 (to 32)
             14 STORE_FAST               2 (i)
             16 LOAD_FAST                1 (total)
             18 LOAD_FAST                2 (i)
             20 INPLACE_ADD
             22 STORE_FAST               1 (total)
             24 JUMP_ABSOLUTE           12

  5          32 LOAD_FAST                1 (total)
             34 RETURN_VALUE

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4. Disassembling Lambda Function

Here is how to disassemble a lambda function in Python.

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import dis

# Create a lambda function
lambda_func = lambda x, y: x + y

# Disassemble the bytecode of the lambda function
dis.dis(lambda_func)

Output:

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  1           0 LOAD_FAST                0 (x)
              2 LOAD_FAST                1 (y)
              4 BINARY_ADD
              6 RETURN_VALUE

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5. Exploring Bytecode of a Conditional Statement

This example demonstrates how to disassemble a function containing an if-else statement.

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import dis

def conditional_function(x):
    if x > 10:
        return "Greater"
    else:
        return "Lesser"

# Disassemble the bytecode of the conditional function
dis.dis(conditional_function)

Output:

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  3           0 LOAD_FAST                0 (x)
              2 LOAD_CONST               1 (10)
              4 COMPARE_OP               4 (>)
              6 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE       12
              8 LOAD_CONST               2 ('Greater')
             10 RETURN_VALUE

  4          12 LOAD_CONST               3 ('Lesser')
             14 RETURN_VALUE

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6. Disassembling a Function with Exception Handling

Disassembling a function with exception handling using try and except blocks.

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import dis

def exception_handling_function():
    try:
        return 10 / 0
    except ZeroDivisionError:
        return "Division by Zero!"

# Disassemble the bytecode of the function with exception handling
dis.dis(exception_handling_function)

Output:

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  3           0 SETUP_EXCEPT            12 (to 14)
              2 LOAD_CONST               1 (10)
              4 LOAD_CONST               2 (0)
              6 BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE
              8 RETURN_VALUE
        >>   10 POP_BLOCK
  4          12 LOAD_CONST               3 ('Division by Zero!')
             14 RETURN_VALUE

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7. Disassembling Code Object

You can also disassemble a code object directly. Here is an example:

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import dis

# Create a code object manually
code = compile("a = 10 + 5", "<string>", "exec")

# Disassemble the code object
dis.dis(code)

Output:

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  1           0 LOAD_CONST               0 (10)
              2 LOAD_CONST               1 (5)
              4 BINARY_ADD
              6 STORE_NAME               0 (a)
              8 LOAD_CONST               2 (None)
             10 RETURN_VALUE

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8. Disassembling Function with List Comprehension

Here is a function with a list comprehension that we can disassemble.

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import dis

def list_comprehension(n):
    return [i * 2 for i in range(n)]

# Disassemble the bytecode of the function with list comprehension
dis.dis(list_comprehension)

Output:

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  3           0 BUILD_LIST               0
              2 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (range)
              4 LOAD_FAST                0 (n)
              6 CALL_FUNCTION            1
              8 GET_ITER
        >>   10 FOR_ITER                14 (to 30)
             12 STORE_FAST               1 (i)
             14 LOAD_FAST                1 (i)
             16 LOAD_CONST               1 (2)
             18 BINARY_MULTIPLY
             20 LIST_APPEND              2
             22 JUMP_ABSOLUTE           10
  4          30 RETURN_VALUE

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9. Disassembling Recursion

This example demonstrates how to disassemble a recursive function.

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import dis

def factorial(n):
    if n == 0:
        return 1
    return n * factorial(n - 1)

# Disassemble the bytecode of the recursive function
dis.dis(factorial)

Output:

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  3           0 LOAD_FAST                0 (n)
              2 LOAD_CONST               1 (0)
              4 COMPARE_OP               2 (==)
              6 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE        12
              8 LOAD_CONST               2 (1)
             10 RETURN_VALUE
        >>   12 LOAD_FAST                0 (n)
             14 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (factorial)
             16 LOAD_FAST                0 (n)
             18 LOAD_CONST               3 (1)
             20 BINARY_SUBTRACT
             22 CALL_FUNCTION            1
             24 BINARY_MULTIPLY
             26 RETURN_VALUE

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10. Using dis.Bytecode Class

You can also work directly with the dis.Bytecode class to inspect bytecode.

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import dis

def test_function(a, b):
    return a + b

# Create a Bytecode object from the function
bytecode = dis.Bytecode(test_function)

# Print the disassembled bytecode
for instruction in bytecode:
    print(instruction.opname, instruction.argval)

Output:

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LOAD_FAST a
LOAD_FAST b
BINARY_ADD
RETURN_VALUE

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These snippets cover a range of use cases for the dis module, including simple functions, recursion, list comprehensions, exception handling, and more. Understanding Python's bytecode can help you optimize your code and gain deeper insights into how Python executes instructions.